Spatial resolution refers to the ability to distinguish between two separate
objects or discern fine details in an image. It essentially measures how small an object can
be and still be distinguishable in an image. Higher spatial resolution means smaller objects
and finer details can be seen

Tiles or stone plates are not recommended as they are heavy and usually fall
during earthquake shaking.

Grafting and budding are horticultural techniques used to join parts from
two or more plants so that they appear to grow as a single plant. In grafting, the upper part
(scion) of one plant grows on the root system (rootstock) of another plant. In the budding
process, a bud is taken from one plant and grown on another.

Spatial resolution refers to the ability to distinguish between two separate
objects or discern fine details in an image. It essentially measures how small an object can
be and still be distinguishable in an image. Higher spatial resolution means smaller objects
and finer details can be seen

The main purpose of a nosing is to improve the safety of the staircase. As it
protrudes a little over the edge of the tread, it provides some extra space for users to place
their feet.

HRIDAY stands for Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana,
launched by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs on 21 January 2015. It is a central
sector scheme funded 100% by the Government of India, with an allocated outlay of
approximately ₹500 crore. HRIDAY focused on 12 heritage cities across India: Ajmer,
Amaravati, Amritsar, Badami, Dwarka, Gaya, Kanchipuram, Velankanni, Mathura, Puri,
Varanasi, and Warangal.

The prime planning aspects of inner cities are Redevelopment and Renewal
and In-fill Development, as they focus on improving existing urban areas. Urban Expansion
typically refers to the growth of cities outward, while No New Development is not a
planning aspect, but rather a constraint.

Composting is a biological process that decomposes organic materials, like
food scraps and yard waste, into a nutrient-rich soil amendment called
compost. Biomethanation, also known as anaerobic digestion, is a process that converts
organic waste into biogas, a renewable energy source, through the action of
microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. Incineration in Solid Waste Management (SWM)
is the process of burning solid waste to reduce its volume and potentially recover
energy. It's a thermal treatment method used to dispose of various types of waste, including
municipal solid waste (MSW), hazardous waste, and medical waste.

Ekistics—the science of human settlements. Ekistics is the systematic and
multidisciplinary study of human settlements, including their geographical, social, economic,
political, and environmental aspects, aiming to create harmonious living environments.
Doxiadis identified FIVE key elements of a human settlement.
Nature: Climate, geography, topography etc.
Man: Human Needs, behaviours and values
Society: Social structure, institutions and culture
Shells: Buildings and infrastructure
Networks: Transportation, communication and utilities

Sir Ebenezer Howard is best known for popularizing the concept of the
Garden City, which he described in his book "Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform"
(later published as "Garden Cities of To-Morrow"). This concept involved planned, self-
contained communities that integrated urban and rural elements, aiming to offer the best
of both worlds while mitigating the negative aspects of industrial cities.

A soft storey building is a multi-storey building in which one or more floors have
windows, wide doors, large unobstructed commercial spaces, or other openings in places where a
shear wall would normally be required for stability.

Shoring is a temporary structure used to provide temporary support to an unsafe
structure. Three types of shoring are raking shoring, flying shoring and dead shoring. Dead shoring is
also called vertical shoring. It can be defined as the type of shoring which is mostly used to provide
support to the wall, roofs, floors etc. particularly when the lower part of a wall has been removed to
provide an additional opening in the wall or even to rebuild a defective load bearing wall in a
structure. The shores that are used for such purposes are known as dead shores.

According to the Census of India, a place is classified as urban if it meets
specific demographic and occupational criteria:
 A minimum population of 5,000
 At least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural activities
 and a population density of at least 400 persons per square kilometer.
These areas are also known as Census Towns.

Land value increment tax or betterment tax is an old land based fiscal tool that was
introduced in the legislation related to city improvement trusts in the last decade of the nineteenth
century. Later the concept was incorporated in the town planning schemes. Provisions also exist to
capture land value increments in case of specific projects. (Source: Land Based Fiscal Tools and
Practices for Generating Additional Financial Resources, August 2013; supported under Capacity
Building for Urban Development project (CBUD), a partnership program between Ministry of Urban
Development, Government of India & The World Bank)

Both Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) and Coefficient of Performance (COP) indicate the
ratio of heating or cooling provided by a unit relative to the amount of electrical input required to
generate it. Thus, if an air conditioner generates 5kW of heat from a 1kW electrical input, its COP is
said to be 5.0. The higher the COP and EER, the more energy efficient is the equipment.

Rebound hammer test is done to find out the compressive strength of concrete by using
rebound hammer as per IS: 13311 (Part 2) - 1992. The underlying principle of the rebound hammer
test is: The rebound in the hammer is a function of the surface hardness and therefore the rebound is
taken to be related to the compressive strength of the concrete.

A triadic colour scheme is comprised of three colours evenly spaced on the colour wheel.
The two most basic triadic palettes are the primary colours red, blue, and yellow and the secondary
hues orange, purple, and green.

Transportation agencies analyze highway deficiencies based on the number of vehicles
traveling on highway facilities and comparing that demand to the capacity of those facilities. Freight
Analysis Framework reports forecasts annual flows in tons between origins and destinations. In truck
based models: Truck surveys are used for estimating choice parameter. Freight flows are converted
into truck flows using payload factor. Payload factors are determined from truck surveys and weigh
bridge data. (Average amount of load in different kind of vehicles can be determined by survey or
weigh bridge)

Most trip production models are two- or three-way cross-classification tables with
the dependent variable being trips per household or trips per person. The independent variables are
most often income, auto ownership, and household size. The dependent variables would be the
number of trip produced from each of the wards within the divided zones in the selected towns. The
data pertaining to the number of trips produced from each of the ward can be obtained by conducting
the socio-economic survey and forming the O-D matrix.

Hypocycloid is a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which is rolling
on the interior of another circle.

A primate city is a neologism used to refer to the largest city in its country, province,
state, or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. The law of the
primate city was first proposed by the geographer Mark Jefferson in 1939.

John Glen Wardrop (1922–1989), born in Warwick, England, was an English mathematician and transport analyst who developed what became known as Wardrop's first and second principles of equilibrium in the field of traffic assignment.  Network equilibrium models are commonly used for the prediction of traffic patterns in transportation networks that are subject to congestion.

The UTM projection flattens the sphere 60 times by shifting the cylinder central
meridian 6° for each zone. This gives cartographers a map to work with always in meters. The
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system is a grid-based method of specifying
locations on the surface of the Earth that is a practical application of a 2-dimensional Cartesian
coordinate system. To map any spot on Earth, one picks the UTM Zone centerline that is closest to it
and then makes a map using that "UTM Zone" cylindrical projection.

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a common field fabricated geo-membrane material used for lining sanitary landfill to prevent Leachate flow.

A geodesic dome is a hemispherical thin-shell structure (lattice-shell) based on
a geodesic polyhedron (a convex polyhedron made from equilateral triangles).

Explanation: FASTag is a device that employs Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) technology for making toll payments directly while the vehicle is in motion.
FASTag (RFID Tag) is affixed on the windscreen of the vehicle and enables a
customer to make the toll payments directly from the account which is linked to
FASTag.
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has developed the National
Electronic Toll Collection (NETC) program to meet the electronic tolling
requirements of the Indian market.

In ACC bocks, Aluminium powder is used at a rate of 0.05%–0.08% by volume (depending on the pre-specified density). Aluminum powder reacts with calcium hydroxide and water to form hydrogen. The hydrogen gas foams and doubles the volume of the raw mix creating gas bubbles.

Mean of all the spot speeds is time mean speed Time mean speed = 438 / 10 = 43.8

Refer to ‘Appendix D: Building Envelop Trade-off Method’ of ECBC User Guide 2011.

For black body, e = 1
Stephan-Boltzmann constant, σ = 5.6703*10 -8
A = 5 sqm and T = 273+35 = 308 kelvin Rate of radiant heat emission will be:

two strategic component of smart city mission i.e. Area
based development and Pan city development. Under area based development
we have Retrofitting, redevelopment and Greenfield development.

Inkscape is a free and open-source vector graphics editor used to
create vector images, primarily in Scalable Vector Graphics format. Other formats can be imported and exported. Inkscape can render primitive vector shapes and text.

Explanation: Despite their visual similarities, catenaries and parabolas are two
very different curves, both conceptually and mathematically. A catenary curve is
created by its own weight, pulling down because of gravity. The parabolic curves
of the suspension cable are not created by gravity alone, but also by other forces:
compression and tension acting on it. Also, the weight of the suspension cable is
negligible compared to that of the deck, but it is also supporting the weight of the
deck. This is also another conceptual reason why the suspension cables hang in
a parabolic curve.

Golden ratio, also known as the golden section, golden mean, or
divine proportion, in mathematics, the irrational number (1 + Square root of√5)/2,
often denoted by the Greek letter ϕ or τ, which is approximately equal to 1.618.

Sidi Bashir Mosque was located in the city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Due
to its unique construction, the minarates of mosque are also called Jhulta Minar
or Shaking Minarets.

Vermiculite is a naturally occurring mineral that is mined and processed into a puffy, lightweight granule mixed with soil to improve aeration and drainage.

The operational guidelines on Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme for
Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), January 2017, by the erstwhile Ministry of
Housing &Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, defines EWS
households as those having an annual income up to 3,00,000 Indian Rupees and
defines EWS house as “An all-weather single unit or a unit in a multistoried super
structure having carpet area of up to 30 sq. m. with adequate basic civic services
and infrastructure services like toilet, water, electricity etc.”

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are: (1) No Poverty,
(2) Zero Hunger, (3) Good Health and Well-being, (4) Quality Education, (5) Gender
Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy,
(8) Decent Work and Economic Growth, (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure,
(10) Reduced Inequality, (11) Sustainable Cities and Communities, (12) Responsible
Consumption and Production, (13) Climate Action, (14) Life Below Water, (15) Life
On Land, (16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17) Partnerships for the
Goals.

M-25 means Specified characteristic compressive strength of concrete expressed in
N/mm2.

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India, launched the National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme on 21st January, 2015, with a focus on holistic development of heritage cities.

Stages of a construction project as per National Building Code,
2016 are:
a) Project formulation and appraisal stage:
1) Inception,
2) Feasibility, and
3) Strategic planning
b) Pre-construction stage:
1) Project development,
2) Planning for construction, and
3) Tender action
c) Construction stage, and
d) Commissioning and handing over stage.

If there are any bends or curves on the approach road, a sufficient
width shall be provided at the curve to enable the fire appliances to turn, the turning
radius will be at least of 9.0 m.

Electroplating is the process where; electric current is used to plate
the object or metal. But Thermoplating is the process in which the object or the
metal to be coated is heated first and then a coating of another molten metal is
applied on it. In this process heat is used for coating.

According to UN, component of ‘Inclusive growth’ is Physical infrastructure. It
enables connectivity and increases opportunity for engaging in economic
activities. Also stimulates mobility of production inputs like labor, financial capital,
machineries, and equipment and speeds up the delivery of social services to
remote areas.

The Parthenon is a Doric peripteral temple, which means that it
consists of a rectangular floor plan with a series of low steps on every side, and a
colonnade (8 x 17) of Doric columns extending around the periphery of the entire
structure. Each entrance has an additional six columns in front of it. The larger of
the two interior rooms, the naos, housed the cult statue. The smaller room
(the opisthodomos) was used as a treasury.

In “The Analysis of Beauty” (1753), William Hogarth identifies, in
contradistinction to “straight lines” and “curved lines,” a “serpentine line” that he
terms the “line of beauty.” According to this theory, S-shaped curved lines signify
liveliness and activity and excite the attention of the viewer as contrasted with
straight lines, parallel lines, or right-angled intersecting lines, which signify stasis,
death, or inanimate objects.

Poor behaviour of short columns is due to the fact that in an earthquake, a tall column and a short column of same cross-section move horizontally by same amount Δ (Figure below). However, the short column is stiffer as compared to the tall column, and it attracts larger earthquake force. 

The Kailash temple is one of the largest rock-cut ancient Hindu temples located in Ellora, Maharashtra, India.

Transportation agencies analyze highway deficiencies based on the number of vehicles traveling on highway facilities and comparing that demand to the capacity of those facilities. Freight Analysis Framework reports forecasts annual flows in tons between origins and destinations. In truck based models: Truck surveys are used for estimating choice parameter. Freight flows are converted into truck flows using payload factor. Payload factors are determined from truck surveys and weigh bridge data. (Average amount of load in different kind of vehicles can be determined by survey or weigh bridge)

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India, launched the National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme on 21st January, 2015, with a focus on holistic development of heritage cities.

In ACC bocks, Aluminium powder is used at a rate of 0.05%–0.08% by volume (depending on the pre-specified density). Aluminum powder reacts with calcium hydroxide and water to form hydrogen. The hydrogen gas foams and doubles the volume of the raw mix creating gas bubbles.

Poor behaviour of short columns is due to the fact that in an earthquake, a tall column
and a short column of same cross-section move horizontally by same amount (Figure below).
However, the short column is stiffer as compared to the tall column, and it attracts larger earthquake
force.

Complementary colors are pairs of colors which, when combined or mixed, cancel each
other out by producing a grey-scale color like white or black. When placed next to each other, they
create the strongest contrast for those two colors. Complementary colors may also be called & quot ; opposite
colors. & quot;

Refer to ‘Appendix D: Building Envelop Trade-off Method’ of ECBC User Guide 2011.

Town planning was the unique feature of the Indus valley civilisation. Harappan cities were planned with chessboard system or grid pattern. A grid pattern is a network of intersecting parallel lines. A grid pattern, means the streets intersect at right angles.

Suzlon one earth is 100% powered by onsite and offsite renewable sources. The campus has 18 hybrid wind turbines that fulfil 7% of the total energy consumption, the rest of energy demand is met from offsite wind turbines. The structure is designed in a way to ensure maximum daylight exposure thereby reducing artificial lighting consumption. The infrastructure within the campus is designed to enable water percolation and thereby control storm water runoff thus, contributing towards an increased water table level.

Central Park is a world-famous public park, created in 1858 to address the recreational needs of the rapidly growing New York City. Its original purpose was to offer urban dwellers an experience of the countryside, a place to escape from the stresses of urban life and to commune with nature and fellow New Yorkers.

The aim of this book --designed for the general reader as well as for the architect and the student, is to show that buildings are not isolated objects existing arbitrarily in one or another of the recognizable set "styles", but rather the inevitable results of the ways of living, governing, worshiping etc.

Jim Corbett National Park is the first national park of the country. It was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park to protect the endangered Bengal tigers. It is located in Nainital district of Uttarakhand and was named after Jim Corbett, a naturalist.