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A "turnkey project" is a public sector procurement model where a private contractor designs, builds, and delivers a completed facility for a fixed price to the government, essentially handing over a ready-to-use project like a "key" to a new house.

Superplasticizers work by improving the flowability of concrete without increasing the water content, allowing for a lower water-cement ratio which results in stronger concrete.

Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) are areas declared around protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries to regulate activities that could harm their delicate ecosystems.

: After independence, the first significant attempt at rural development planning in India was through the Community Development Program (CDP), which was launched in the early 1950s. The CDP aimed to engage with rural communities at the grassroots level through institutions like panchayats, to promote their participation in the development process.

Sight distance is crucial in road design because it refers to the visible distance ahead a driver needs to safely stop or react to potential hazards like oncoming traffic or obstacles. This is particularly important at intersections where vehicles from multiple roads converge

The Alonso Model, developed by William Alonso, is a spatial economic model that explains how land use and land value patterns develop in urban areas based on the concept of commuting costs and accessibility to the central business district.

Sight distance is crucial in road design because it refers to the visible distance ahead a driver needs to safely stop or react to potential hazards like oncoming traffic or obstacles. This is particularly important at intersections where vehicles from multiple roads converge.

: "The Population Bomb" was written by biologist Paul Ehrlich. The Population Bomb by Paul R. Ehrlich (1968) warns of impending global crises due to overpopulation, specifically predicting mass starvation, environmental degradation, resource shortages, and societal upheaval. The book argued the Earth could not sustain a rapidly growing human population, advocates for urgent population control measures, and sparked widespread public discussion on the topic, though many of its specific predictions did not materialize

1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 square meters = 100m × 100m.

The crushing strength of a good building stone should be more than 100 MPa (MegaPascals). This minimum strength is a widely accepted standard for stones used in important structural applications, such as foundations and load-bearing walls

: Hooke's law essentially says that within the elastic limit of a material, the amount of stress applied is directly proportional to the amount of strain produced, meaning as stress increases, strain increases proportionally.

A well-seasoned timber typically has a moisture content between 10 and 12%.

: It is a town planning theory that emphasizes the interconnectedness of the community (Folk), the economic activities (Work), and the physical environment (Place) in creating a sustainable and harmonious region. The theory is also called as The Geddesian Triad.

FAR and FSI are essentially the same term, referring to the ratio of a building's total floor area to the land area on which it is built

Primary Survey involves the direct collection of original data from the field using methods like:

• Self-surveys (questionnaires filled out by respondents)
• Interviews (face-to-face or telephonic interactions)
• Direct inspections (on-site observations and measurements)

These techniques are essential for gathering first-hand, up-to-date, and specific information needed for planning and analysis.

Threshold theory suggests that a city's growth is constrained by certain conditions like the availability of land suitable for development, the cost of infrastructure, and the presence of necessary facilities.

A Perspective Plan is a long-term strategic plan (typically 20–30 years) that outlines the vision, goals, and broad policies for the spatial and economic development of a region or state. It may include guiding frameworks such as:

• State Urbanization Policy
• State Land Utilization Policy

These help shape future development in a coordinated and sustainable manner

In the DBFO (Design-Build-Finance-Operate) model, a private sector entity is responsible for:

• Designing the project
• Building the infrastructure
• Financing the entire or majority cost
• Operating and maintaining the facility over a concession period

The public sector typically pays the private partner based on performance or allows them to recover costs via direct user fees, such as tolls or service charges. This model is commonly used in public-private partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure projects

For Arterial Roads, the typical Right of Way (ROW) ranges from 50 to 80 meters, and the design speed is usually 50 km/hr. Arterial roads are designed to carry large volumes of traffic at higher speeds, and therefore require a larger ROW to accommodate multiple lanes and associated infrastructure like sidewalks and medians. The design speed is the speed used to determine the geometric design features of the road.

One of the options have been changed in this question to accommodate the correct answer.

Laurie Baker, an English architect who settled in India, made a significant contribution to rural and low-cost housing. He was known for using local materials, cost-effective construction techniques, and climate-responsive design. His work emphasized simplicity, sustainability, and aesthetic value, making quality housing accessible to the poor and marginalized

A Hazardous Building is defined as a building or part thereof used for storage, handling, or processing of dangerous substances like toxic chemicals, gases, flammable materials, or substances that may produce explosions, flames, fumes, or spontaneous ignition. Such buildings require strict safety regulations and special construction standards to prevent accidents.

Mohenjo-daro, a city of the Indus Valley Civilization, is notable for its well-planned grid layout with streets intersecting perpendicularly.

Grid-Iron plan: This refers to a city layout where streets intersect at right angles, forming a grid pattern like a chessboard. This is the established pattern for Mohenjo-daro.

Ring and Radial plan: This plan involves streets radiating out from a central point like spokes on a wheel. This is not the layout of Mohenjo-daro.

Zig-zag pattern: This describes a winding, irregular pattern of streets, which is not characteristic of Mohenjo-daro.

Chandigarh was designed by Le Corbusier using the super-block principle, where the city is divided into self-contained sectors. Each sector is designed as a neighborhood unit with its own schools, shops, and open spaces, minimizing through traffic and promoting walkability and organized development.

"Smart Living" refers to the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology into homes, enabling devices to communicate and automate functions, leading to increased efficiency and convenience.

Happy living: While "happy living" might describe a goal of smart living, it's not the specific term for the trend of built-in smart devices in homes.

Techno living: "Techno living" is a more general term encompassing the use of advanced technology in everyday life, not specifically focused on connected home devices

AI is being used in urban governance to analyze large datasets to predict potential threats, identify safety issues, and optimize resource allocation, all while aiming to minimize intrusion on individual privacy by using sophisticated data analysis techniques and ensuring transparency in its application.

Research and Intelligence: While research and intelligence are important components of urban governance, they are not the specific technology being leveraged to ensure safety and security with a focus on privacy concerns.

Smart surveillance: This term directly implies a focus on extensive monitoring, which can raise significant privacy concerns.

Intelligent monitoring: Although "intelligent" suggests advanced technology, it lacks the specific reference to AI's ability to process complex data and make informed decisions based on it.

1. While river banks, coastal areas, plains, and hilly terrains have historically contributed to the origin and growth of towns due to their strategic, commercial, or defence-related advantages, dense forest areas are generally not favourable for early urban settlement because of:

• Difficult access and transportation
• Risk of wildlife and diseases
• Limited open space for infrastructure
• Harsh living conditions

Though forests provide natural resources, they are not typically associated with the initial formation of towns.

Walkability refers to how friendly and accessible an area is for walking. It has become a key trend in town planning due to:

• Increasing urbanisation
• Rising costs of living
• Pressure on urban infrastructure
• Growing emphasis on health, fitness, and sustainability

This has led to increased demand for footpaths, pedestrian-friendly streets, mixed land use, and public open spaces.

Spatial databases, also known as geodatabases, are databases designed to store, query, and manipulate geographic or spatial data. They support spatial features like points, lines, and polygons, and allow spatial queries and analysis. Geodatabase is the term widely used in GIS platforms such as ArcGIS. It can store both spatial (location-based) and attribute (descriptive) data.

This refers to the process of converting analog data (like a paper map) into digital data by tracing features onto a computer screen.

Orthorectified imagery:

This is a digitally processed image where distortions caused by relief displacement (due to uneven terrain) are removed, resulting in a geographically accurate image that can be overlaid with other spatial data.

Demodulation: This is a process in telecommunications that removes the modulation from a signal to retrieve the original information. It is not related to creating digital geographic data.

The software used for developing vehicle routes is GIS (Geographic Information System). GIS allows users to overlay various spatial data layers like roads, traffic patterns, elevation, and points of interest to create optimal vehicle routes considering factors like distance, time, and road conditions.

This involves acquiring spatial data from various sources, such as surveys, remote sensing, and existing digital data.

Data management: This includes storing data in a structured database, managing access to it, and ensuring its quality and accuracy.

Data manipulation and analysis: This involves performing spatial operations like selecting features, calculating distances, creating buffers, and conducting spatial analysis.

Data presentation: This involves creating visually appealing maps and charts to communicate spatial information effectively.

The planning of Gandhinagar and Chandigarh is based on a rectangular grid pattern. Both cities were designed with a network of straight, intersecting roads forming a grid, which allows for efficient planning and development.

The acronym URDPFI refers to the guidelines and framework developed for planning and implementing urban and regional development strategies. These guidelines cover various aspects of urban and regional planning, including spatial development, infrastructure, transportation, and land use management. The guidelines also emphasize public participation, flexibility, and alignment of sectoral plans

Generation of economic activity – by creating hubs for industrial and commercial development.

Promotion of exports of goods and services – SEZs are export-oriented zones designed to increase foreign exchange earnings.

Attracting investment from foreign and domestic sources – SEZs offer fiscal incentives and business-friendly environments to attract both FDI and domestic investments.

The master plan of Gandhinagar was prepared by H.K. Mewada and Prakash Apte. They were both Indian town planners who had previously worked with Le Corbusier on the Chandigarh project. While Gandhinagar's planning was influenced by Le Corbusier's work, the master plan itself was primarily the work of Mewada and Apte.

For setting up a separate Finance Commission for the Municipalities
Explanation  While Part IX-A deals with Municipalities, it does not mandate the establishment of a separate Finance Commission specifically for them; instead, the existing State Finance Commission is responsible for reviewing the financial position of both Panchayats and Municipalities and making recommendations regarding grants-in-aid to them.

Residential and Commercial:

RERA applies to both residential and commercial projects, meaning apartments, buildings, and plots intended for sale or lease under this regulation.

Plotted development: Even if a project is just selling plots of land, it needs to be registered under RERA if the total land area developed exceeds 500 square meters.

Land under development more than 500 SQFT or 8 units: This is a key criterion for RERA registration, regardless of the project type. If a project involves developing more than 500 square meters of land or constructing more than eight apartments, it must be registered with RERA.

The Chairperson of a Metropolitan Planning Committee forwards the development plan to the State Government. According to the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, Metropolitan Planning Committees are responsible for preparing development plans for metropolitan areas. These committees are required to forward the draft plan to the State Government for further action.

PERT stands for "Program Evaluation and Review Technique". It's a project management tool that helps visualize and manage complex projects by assessing each task and its relationship to others within the timeline. "Review" aligns with the concept of evaluating and assessing the progress of a project throughout its development.

As a project progresses, more information becomes available about the project and its potential risks. This allows the project team to identify and mitigate risks, leading to a decrease in overall risk

"Blowout" is not a natural disaster; it is typically a man-made event, usually referring to a sudden release of pressure from an oil or gas well, often caused by faulty equipment or drilling errors.

In a Municipality, the Chairman (or President) is elected by the elected ward members (councillors) from among themselves. Citizens directly elect the ward members, but the Chairman is chosen indirectly by these members.

Disaster Management encompasses mitigation, reconstruction, and rehabilitation.

Mitigation: This involves actions taken to reduce the impact of disasters, such as building codes, land-use planning, and early warning systems.

Reconstruction: This refers to rebuilding infrastructure and homes after a disaster has occurred.

Rehabilitation: This focuses on restoring the social and economic well-being of communities affected by a disaster.

The Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal ministry for disaster management in India, and the NDMA is the apex body for disaster management. The NDMA works under the overall guidance and supervision of the Ministry of Home Affairs

These amendments, commonly known as the Panchayati Raj amendments, were introduced to establish and empower local self-government bodies in rural (73rd) and urban (74th) areas across India.

The Ministry of Urban Development (now MoHUA) accepted the offer from Bloomberg Philanthropies to act as the Knowledge Partner for conducting the "Cities Challenge" competition. This competition was used to select cities for financing under the Smart Cities Mission. Under this partnership, Bloomberg Philanthropies was tasked with designing the selection process, conducting capacity-building for urban local bodies, and leading communication and branding strategies.

Diu became the first Union Territory in India to achieve 100% solar power generation, meaning it meets all of its daytime electricity needs through solar energy.

Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, and Nagar Panchayats are all forms of local government specifically designed for urban areas. While there are other forms of local government for rural areas, like the Panchayati Raj system, the three mentioned in the question are solely for urban areas.

While cities with 1 lakh+ population do comprise ~73% of India’s urban population, the mission does not cover all 500+ such cities. The Government of India approved ₹48,000 crore in 2015 for the mission’s initial five-year phase (2015–2020). Each selected city received ₹500 crore (₹100 crore/year) in central funding, matched by states/ULBs.

The mission initially focused on 63 cities, encompassing all cities with a population of over one million, as well as all capital towns in the Northeastern region. This included 7 cities with a population of 4 million or more, 28 cities with a population between 1 and 4 million, and 28 selected cities of religious, historical, or tourist importance

Although the deadline has since been extended to December 31, 2025 for completion of houses sanctioned up to March 31, 2022, the core mission timeline remains anchored to 2022.

A sanitary system encompasses the infrastructure and practices designed to safely collect, transport, treat, and dispose of human waste, preventing the spread of waterborne diseases.

Sedimentation is the process where heavier particles like dirt and sand settle to the bottom of a tank due to gravity, allowing for their removal.

Per capita demand of water is calculated in litres per person per day. "Per capita" means "per person", and "demand of water" is measured in litres, so the correct unit is litres per person per day (lpcd).

Perched aquifers generally occur above the water table. They are formed when a layer of impermeable or relatively impermeable material (like an aquiclude or aquitard) sits above the main water table but below the surface, creating a localized zone of saturation.

Chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant in water purification worldwide because it is effective at killing a wide range of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. It is also relatively inexpensive and easy to manage in water treatment processes.

Effluent refers to wastewater discharged from industrial facilities, often containing chemicals and other pollutants, whereas sewage is typically generated from household waste like wastewater from toilets, sinks, and washing machines.

Inclusive growth considers not just economic development but also the well-being of the entire population, encompassing factors like access to basic amenities (healthcare, education, sanitation) and social development indicators such as poverty levels, literacy rates, and gender equality.

Increase the levels of overall development of the villages through self-help
Explanation:  The Community Development Programme (1952) was launched to achieve holistic rural development by mobilizing people to use local resources and work collectively. The focus was on self-help and community participation in improving agriculture, infrastructure, health, and education in villages.

A metropolitan area is defined as a large urban region that includes a main city and the smaller towns and suburbs that are connected to it economically and socially.

According to the official answer key, ‘principal component Analysis’ is correct. But it can be argued that ‘Complex Index’ should be the correct answer. The reason is given below.

Principal Component Analysis is a statistical technique used mainly for data reduction and identifying patterns in large datasets. It transforms correlated variables into a set of uncorrelated variables (principal components). While it can theoretically be used to study disparities, it is not the standard or historically used method in India for measuring regional imbalances. The Composite Index method, on the other hand, has been explicitly used by Indian committees and commissions (e.g., Planning Commission, Dholakia Committee, Bawa & Raizada) to measure and compare the level of development of different states/regions. It combines indicators like per capita income, literacy, industrial output, etc., into a single index. So, PCA is more of an advanced statistical tool, but the recognized and applied method for regional disparities in India is the Composite Index method.

Per capita income is the most widely used direct economic indicator of regional or national development. It reflects the average income earned per person in a region, showing the standard of living and economic well-being.

Benton Mackaye
Explanation:  Laying the philosophical foundation for regional planning, emphasizing the relationship between human settlements, natural resources, and land use. His ideas blended ecology, economy, and social planning, influencing modern regional and environmental planning.

The 3R principle is Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

• Reduce:This is the most important step, as it means minimizing the amount of waste generated in the first place by consuming less and choosing products with less packaging.
• Reuse:Finding new uses for old items instead of discarding them.

Recycle: Processing used materials to create new products, which is the last step in the waste hierarchy after reducing and reusing.

The ozone layer, which is crucial for protecting life from harmful UV radiation from the sun, is primarily located within the stratosphere.

According to the Census of India and standard demographic definitions, a household is:

"A group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so."

• This definition includes:
  • Families
  • Shared living arrangements (as long as meals are shared)

So, the correct term is: Household

Slum resettlement
Explanation: Slum Resettlement refers to:

• Relocating slum dwellers from areas that are unfit for habitation (e.g., near railway tracks, flood-prone zones, hazardous sites),
• And providing them with alternative housing at a safer, more viable location.

This is typically done when in-situ solutions are not feasible.

A census house, in the context of the Indian Census, is a building or part of a building that is recognized as a separate unit due to having its own independent entrance from the road, a common courtyard, or a staircase. It can be either occupied or vacant and used for residential, non-residential, or both purposes

In-situ slum upgradation
Explanation: In-situ Slum Upgradation involves:

• Improving existing housing structures
• Providing essential infrastructure and services (water, sanitation, roads, electricity)

Without displacing the residents from their current location.

A growth factor model is a method used in transportation planning to predict how the number of trips between different zones will change over time. It does this by considering the relative growth rates of the origin and destination zones.

Traffic assignment refers to the process of determining how traffic is distributed across a network, meaning which routes travelers will choose to get from their origin to their destination based on factors like travel time, distance, and cost

Inadequate housing

Explanation Rapid urbanization leads to a sudden increase in population in cities.

• This puts tremendous pressure on infrastructure, especially housing, resulting in:
  • Shortages
  • Overcrowding

Slums and informal settlements

Other options like cars, stock exchange, or internet are not primary or direct impacts of urbanization.
The most critical and well-documented impact is inadequate housing.

A housing problem arises when there is a gap between:

• The number of housing units available (supply)
• And the number of households needing housing (demand)

This leads to issues like:

• Shortage of affordable homes
• Overcrowding
• Growth of slums

Homelessness

Hence, the correct conceptualization is:
Mismatch between housing supply and demand.

Basic services
Explanation Housing is more than just a physical shelter (roof and walls).

• It includes access to basic services such as:
  • Water supply
  • Sanitation
  • Electricity
  • Waste disposal
  • Road access

This broader definition ensures that housing meets both physical and functional needs for decent living.
So, the complete definition is: Housing = Shelter + Basic Services

The terms Dandaka, Swastika, Padmaka, and Nandyavarta refer to various types of town plans used in ancient India. These terms describe different geometric layouts and organizational principles for settlements, as detailed in treatises like the Manasara Silpa Shastra.

According to Lewis Mumford, a renowned urban historian and sociologist, Necropolis represents the final and worst stage in the life cycle of a town:

• It is marked by decline, decay, and near-abandonment.
• People migrate away due to war, disease, famine, or economic collapse.
• The town becomes a "city of the dead" — the literal meaning of Necropolis.

In this stage, the town may revive later, but it essentially loses its vitality during this phase.

A Cantonment refers to a township established for a defense or military establishment. It typically includes:

• Residential areas for military personnel,
• Military training grounds,
• Support infrastructure like schools, hospitals, and markets.

In India, Cantonment Boards are civic bodies established under the Cantonments Act, 2006, and are administered by the Ministry of Defence.

Patrick Geddes is widely recognized for introducing the principle of “Survey before Plan”.

Aerial photography: Aerial photographs provide detailed images of the land surface from an aircraft, offering valuable information about topography, land features, and land cover.

Satellite imagery: Satellite images captured from space provide a broader perspective of the Earth's surface, offering high-resolution imagery that can be used to depict topography, elevation changes, and various geographical features.

Topographical maps: Traditional topographic maps utilize contour lines to represent elevation changes, providing crucial data for creating a digital topographic database.

Chairperson: Prime Minister

Vice Chairperson: Appointed (if needed) with rank of Cabinet Minister

Members: Up to 9 members, including experts from various disaster-related fields.

PMAY-U is a flagship mission of the Indian government, implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, launched on June 25, 2015, to address the urban housing shortage by providing pucca houses to eligible urban households. It specifically targets the Economically Weaker Section (EWS), Low Income Group (LIG), and Middle Income Group (MIG) categories, including slum dwellers.

The theory of urban planning where planners represent the interests of various groups in society, often overlooked like low-income and minority groups, is called Advocacy Planning Model. Advocacy planning emphasizes actively advocating for the needs of these underrepresented communities by actively engaging with them and ensuring their voices are heard in the planning process, leading to a more equitable distribution of power and benefits within development projects.

Prefabrication offers speed, cost-effectiveness, and better quality for mass housing due to its efficiency in factory settings, reduced on-site labour, and standardized construction. This method involves manufacturing building components in a factory and assembling them on-site. This allows for streamlined production, reduced waste, and consistent quality control.

The Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915 was indeed the first town planning legislation enacted in India. This act empowered the Bombay Municipal Corporation to create town-planning schemes for urban development and redevelopment.

The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is a key segment of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) with the following mandates:

• Providing Earth Observation (EO) data from satellites and aerial platforms.
• Developing technologies for natural resource management, agriculture, forestry, water, environment, etc.
• Supporting disaster monitoring and management using satellite imagery.

Conducting capacity building and training for effective utilization of EO data.

The Land Acquisition Act, 1894, later amended in 1961, was the primary legal framework in India used by the government to acquire land for public purposes, such as:

• Infrastructure development (roads, railways, schools, hospitals)
• Urban expansion and development projects
• Planned growth of cities and towns

This law provided the legal mechanism for compulsory acquisition of land from private owners with compensation.

A Brownfield site refers to land that has been previously used, often for industrial or commercial purposes, and is now abandoned or underutilized, potentially contaminated or damaged, and requires remediation before redevelopment.

Sustainable urban transport prioritizes the efficient movement of people and goods while minimizing negative environmental, social, and economic impacts. Key attributes include promoting accessibility, affordability, and safety, while reducing pollution, congestion, and resource consumption. It also emphasizes a shift towards public transport, active mobility (walking and cycling), and the use of cleaner fuels.

Strengthening of Public Transport System – Reduces private vehicle dependency and emissions.

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy – Promotes electric, hydrogen, or solar-powered transport.

Intelligent Transport System (ITS) – Enhances efficiency through smart traffic management.

Composting is a biological process that decomposes organic materials, like food scraps and yard waste, into a nutrient-rich soil amendment called compost. It's a key component of solid waste management, helping to reduce landfill waste, recycle valuable resources, and improve soil health.

Biomethanation, also known as anaerobic digestion, is a process that converts organic waste into biogas, a renewable energy source, through the action of microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. In the context of Solid Waste Management (SWM), biomethanation offers a sustainable solution for treating biodegradable waste, reducing landfill burden, and generating energy.

Incineration in Solid Waste Management (SWM) is the process of burning solid waste to reduce its volume and potentially recover energy. It's a thermal treatment method used to dispose of various types of waste, including municipal solid waste (MSW), hazardous waste, and medical waste. While it offers benefits like volume reduction and potential energy recovery, it also presents challenges like ash disposal and potential air emissions.

NITI Aayog serves as the apex public policy think tank of the Government of India, established in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission. Its key roles include:

Formulating national development strategies

Advising on economic policy, infrastructure, and innovation

Promoting cooperative federalism

Monitoring and evaluating key government programs.

National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) – Focuses only on urban planning (under Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs).

National Natural Resource Management System (NNRMS) – Deals with geospatial data for resource management (under ISRO).

National Urban Information System (NUIS) – A GIS-based urban database project, not a policy body

HRIDAY stands for Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana, launched by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs on 21 January 2015. It is a central sector scheme funded 100% by the Government of India, with an allocated outlay of approximately ₹500 crore. HRIDAY focused on 12 heritage cities across India: Ajmer, Amaravati, Amritsar, Badami, Dwarka, Gaya, Kanchipuram, Velankanni, Mathura, Puri, Varanasi, and Warangal.

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture is a book authored by Robert Venturi.

Reverberation time T60 is defined as the time, in seconds, needed by the sound
pressure level to decrease by 60 dB from its original level.

The transmission coefficient (or factor) τ is the ratio of the transmitted sound power
Wt to the incident sound power Wi, and ranges from 0 to 1.

White House, the residence of President of USA, was designed by Irish-born architect
James Hoban in the Neoclassical style. Hoban modeled the building on Leinster House in Dublin, a
building which today houses the Oireachtas, the Irish legislature. Constructed between 1792 and
1800, its exterior walls are Aquia Creek sandstone painted white.

As per NBC 2016 Volume 1 Part 3: Development Control Rules and General Building
Requirements – ‘Special Requirements for Development Planning in Hilly Areas’ “Street orientation

shall preferably be east-west to allow for maximum south sun to enter the buildings. The street shall
be wide enough to ensure that the buildings on one side do not shade those on the other side.

Victor Gruen was an Austrian-born architect who was a pioneer in the design
of shopping malls in the United States.

As per NBC 2016 Volume 1 Part 3: Development Control Rules and General
Building Requirements – ‘Special Requirements for low income housing in urban areas’
below are the details for size of a habitable room:

The Durga Temple is the principal attraction for Aihole visitors and iconic in
its apsidal layout. This shape is similar to 2nd or 1st century BCE Buddhist chaitya halls found
in Ajanta Caves. The Durga temple stands on a high moulded adisthana and a damaged
tower that had a curvilinear shikhara. The damaged tower's amalaka crown lies on the
ground.

LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A laser
sensor is an electric device that uses a focused light beam to detect the presence, absence, or
distance of an object. It is an important type of sensor used in building automation system.

De architectura (On architecture, published as Ten Books on Architecture) is a
treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus Vitruvius
Pollio and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects. As
the only treatise on architecture to survive from antiquity, it has been regarded since the
Renaissance as the first known book on architectural theory, as well as a major source on the canon
of classical architecture.

Famous slogan “conserve, do not restore” was given by Georg Dehio, who was one of
the founders of “classic” monument conservation around 1900s.

As architect and Columbia professor Kenneth Frampton described in a 2008
interview, “Low-rise, high-density housing was really a compromise” between suburban-scale and
multi-story housing, “but it was also a solution that would be much more economical in terms of

land-use and which would have many social advantages in terms of services, and at the same time
provide for very close contact with the ground and with nature.”

Core housing is an attempt at providing low-cost partial-provision habitable housing
that serves as an alternative to the conventional full-provision type. The core house is expected to
be expanded by families through process of construction support sharing or a subsidized approach.

The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural
Property (ICCROM) is an intergovernmental organization created to promote the conservation of all
forms of cultural heritage, in every region of the world.
The International Council on Monuments and Sites, a non-governmental organization, was
founded in 1965 after the adoption of the Charter of Venice, in order to promote the
doctrine and the techniques of conservation.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was born on 16
November 1945. UNESCO has 195 Members and 8 Associate Members and is governed by the
General Conference and the Executive Board.

Ecological services include the products/raw materials or energy outputs like
food, water, medicines and other resources from ecosystems. Ecosystems are a source of
food, water, medicines, wood, biofuels, etc. Also, they provide conditions for these
resources to grow.

Buildings of compact planning with less openings helps reduce heat gain in
hot-dry climate.

CPCB was established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of
pollution) Act, 1974. The CPCB is also entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

The conversion of ammonia into nitrates and nitrites by the process of oxidation is called
nitrification. This is a biochemical process. The conversion of nitrates and nitrites into
atmospheric nitrogen or gaseous form of nitrogen like nitrous oxide is called denitrification.

William LeBaron Jenney's Home Insurance Building stood at the northeast corner of
LaSalle and Adams streets in Chicago. As the world's first iron-and-steel-framed building, it heralded
and made possible a new era in tall buildings. Despite being demolished in 1931, the Home
Insurance Building evokes the endless possibilities of architectural innovation.

Spatial resolution refers to the ability to distinguish between two separate
objects or discern fine details in an image. It essentially measures how small an object can
be and still be distinguishable in an image. Higher spatial resolution means smaller objects
and finer details can be seen

Tiles or stone plates are not recommended as they are heavy and usually fall
during earthquake shaking.

Grafting and budding are horticultural techniques used to join parts from
two or more plants so that they appear to grow as a single plant. In grafting, the upper part
(scion) of one plant grows on the root system (rootstock) of another plant. In the budding
process, a bud is taken from one plant and grown on another.

Spatial resolution refers to the ability to distinguish between two separate
objects or discern fine details in an image. It essentially measures how small an object can
be and still be distinguishable in an image. Higher spatial resolution means smaller objects
and finer details can be seen

The main purpose of a nosing is to improve the safety of the staircase. As it
protrudes a little over the edge of the tread, it provides some extra space for users to place
their feet.